Post 3 11/19

   Another concept of Chapter 15 which I found useful is the Cause and Effect in Populations section. According to Epstein, cause in populations is usually explained as "meaning that given the cause, there's a higher probability that the effect will follow than if there were not the cause" (320). For example, for this type of cause you could come up with an argument for why people who do not work out or exercise have a much higher probability of being overweight than those that do exercise. Also, there are different types of evidence to use for a cause in population. The first type of evidence is that there must be a control group. The control group is used to isolate any uncontrollable phenomena by not being subjected to the unknown variable being tested. If the experiment is uncontrollable, it is known as cause-to-effect if it starts with the suspected cause and you see if the effect happens. On the other hand, in an effect-to-cause, you start with the effect on the population, then try to figure out how it got there.